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According to the report of the United Nations body, International Telecommunications Union ITU , a comparison of data from Facebook, which is arguably the world most popular social networking site, reveals that in some developing countries the number of Facebook users are as many as Internet users.
However, the report added that such comparison should be done with caution since Internet users are individuals while Facebook accounts may belong to individuals and corporate organisations.
Some social networking sites are designed to cater for the interest of some groups, individuals, continent, region or country. In Nigeria for instance, social networking sites like Nairaland, Naijapals, onlineNigeria, LagosMeet, LagBook, Nigerianbestforum, 9jabook are popular among the youths especially those seeking for platform to get latest information about job opportunities, politics, gossips and those who want to chat, flirt and date. Social networking sites like Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, MySpace can however be described as the mainstream social networking sites due to their global pervasiveness.
Internetworldstats also revealed that as at March 31, , of all the world According to the internetworldstats, as at in Africa, Nigeria maintains third position in terms of the number of Facebook users, coming behind Egypt and South Africa whose figure stood at 9. The tables below provide the latest information on African Internet Status, Population statistics and social networking Facebook figure. Source: www. Thus, social relationship through face-to-face communication is metamorphosing with the insurgence of social networking sites.
With a gradual shift from face-to-face communication and the swift integration of social networking to the daily routines of people, mediamorphosis theory can be used to explain these changes. Mediamorphosis was first used by Kurt Blaukopt, an Austrian music sociologist Sperlich, to signify the metamorphosis of music in relation to the dominant role of the electronic media in contemporary music life Blaukopt, For Fidler , mediamorphosis involves the changes of communication media that are brought about by the interplay of multiple factors such as perceived needs, competitive and political pressures and social and technological innovation.
Hence, the changes in the communication technology should not only be seen as a mere technological transformation but should also be considered as an interdependent relationship between the past and the present. By this, we mean that this new means of communication social networking did not emerge independently or spontaneously but it is a product or an extension of old means of communication face-to-face. Hence, even though social networking sites have brought about tremendous changes in human relationship, such changes are done within the context of the existing patterns of relationships.
For instance, social networking does not only allow us to connect with those we have never met before, it has also further boosted face-to-face communication by providing avalanche of possibilities and serving as platform to reconnect with those we have shared close affinity, those we have in the past, met face-to-face.
Findler identifies six fundamental principles that provide insight into our understanding of the emerging computer-mediated communication; coevolution and coexistence that is, as newer media emerge and become part and parcel of the communication system without necessarily abolishing the older media ; metamorphosis that is, new media emerging out of the existing ones ; propagation that is, the new media propagate the dominant traits of the old media ; survival that is, both the new and the old media are forced to adopt to the changes for their own survival ; opportunity and need these media must meet the political, social and economic needs of their adopters in order to survive ; delayed adoption it takes a long time for the new media to become a success commercially.
The above six principles can be used to explain the face-to-face communication and the emerging culture of social networking where distance no longer stand as barrier among people. Social networking sites represent a new domain of social interaction and as a new phase of communication platform, it infuses new technologies into the existing possibilities, and now coexists with the face-to-face social interaction.
Being a metropolitan and federal university, the school can boast of people from every part of the country and may as well represent a typical Nigerian university. Only students who came for lectures the day questionnaires were administered filled them. Copies of the Questionnaire were administered to those in the final year of their study and those in their first year freshers to see if there is a difference in the manner SNS is used.
Of the total number of students sampled, students representing The questionnaire had both closed and open ended questions. The study found that while It was also found that while This is an indication that social networking has become part and parcel of the students as many of them have incorporated it into their daily routine. The cross-tabulated data reveals that while female students spend more time on social networking sites than their male counterparts, students in their first year spend more time on networking in the virtual environment than those in their final year, an indication that the time spent on the social networking sites changes as the students continue their degrees See Table 2.
This data therefore is an indication that there are also many secondary high school students who use SNS, many even join before coming to the university. Daily Sometimes Rarely No Response 14 10 4 32 level 62 23 32 level 40 46 14 Total 79 50 b. No doubt, the use of social networking sites has become pervasive among Nigerian students. From the data gathered, However, the most popular social networking sites among the students is facebook with This shows that among 10 university undergraduate students who use SNS, 5 will likely be facebook users.
Though worldwide, facebook and MySpace compete in terms of number of users but this study revealed that facebook is far more popular than MySpace in the study area. In fact, 2go which is hardly mentioned in the list of popular SNS even has larger users In order to surmount the difficulties of access, Internet users resort to different Internet access points depending on their needs, their economic strength, intended privacy and comfort.
Hence, this study evaluates the possible SNS access points. From the study, the data revealed that mobile phones provide the greatest access to social networking users. This may explain why majority of students For instance, Golder, Wilkinson and Huberman found that messaging within online networks is done to maintain and build social ties across distances. Also, Lampe, Ellison, Steinfield and Ellison, Steinfield and Lampe all found that SNS is used to learn about old friends and reconnect with relations, and this use was rated higher than other uses.
Through social connection, students create and develop social identity, develop intimacy and tackle some social problems like boredom, isolation, loneliness and other social and psychological issues. Other uses that command great attention of the sampled students is social escapism Recent studies reveal that Social Networking Sites have not reached their full potential in terms of academics and intellectual purpose but this current study reveals that if SNS is well developed and intellectually- inclined applications are integrated into the virtual environment, it can, to a large extent, enhance the engagement levels of students.
It is also believed that by using SNS for social connection, students can build intimacy and self-identity, after all self-disclosure enhances personal identity and intimacy Buhrmester and Prager, Students, through social networking, can therefore build self-confidence, discuss personal, emotional and academic issues with those they share close ties. Though Gross and Acquisti , in their study of information revelation and disclosure within the virtual environment, it was found that only 1.
Other issues mentioned were addiction which could equally lead to time wastage. Health implications like having few hours sleep and visual impairment were also mentioned by 3. Considering the quantum of time spent by students each day on social networking sites, school administrators and educational institutions should be more creative by using the right applications for the advancement of education instead of treating it as a platform where trivial issues are discussed.
Many students now belong to one virtual community, an avenue where an individual can garner outrageous number of friends — those they have ever met, those they may one day meet face-to-face and those they may never meet for life. Thus, most students use social networking sites as a means of connecting with those they have met before and those they have not met or may never meet.
Thus, it can be argued that social networking is an extension of face-to-face communication, a very important tenet of mediamorphosis which stresses the coexistence of the new and old media without necessarily abolishing the old patterns of relationship. Though this study does not compare social networking with face-to-face communication, but it nonetheless provides useful insights about how the face-to-face communication is metamorphosing or reinventing itself by coexisting with interactions and relationships within the virtual domain.
Hence, while social networking does not only allow us to connect with those we have never met before, it has also further boosted face-to-face communication by providing avalanche of possibilities and serving as platform to reconnect with those we have shared close affinity, those we have in the past, met face-to-face.
Ahmad, S. A Journal of Education and Sociology, 4 2. Blaukopf, K. Musical life in a changing society. Amedeus Press. Boyd, D. Social network sites: Definition, history, and scholarship. Buhrmester, D. Patterns and functions of self-disclosure during childhood and adolescence. Rotenberg Ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Ellison, N.
Social network sites and society: Current Trends and Future Possibilities. Fidler, R Mediamorphosis: Understanding new media. London: Sage Publications. Golder, S. Gross, R. Hempel, J. The Myspace generation. Business Week, Ismail, S. International Journal for the Advancement of Science and Arts, 1 2.
ITU Measuring the Information Society Kent, J. Social networking sites: will they survive? Nebula, 5. Kolawole, T The potential of the Internet in Nigeria. Barcamp Africa, Mountain view, Ca. Sturvs Inc. Nyland, R. The gratification niches of Internet Social networking, E-mail and face-to-face communication. Jesus is my friend: Religiosity as a mediating factor in the use of online social networks. February , , Reno, Nevada.
Pempek, T. L College students' social networking experiences on Facebook. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 30 — Raacke, J. Cyberpsychology and Behaviour. Ramirez, G. Societal learning and knowledge management: diagnosing and enhancing potential. Journal of Knowledge Management Practice, 8 1. Roblyer, M. Findings on Facebook in higher education: A comparison of college faculty and student uses and perceptions of social networking sites.
Internet and Higher Education, 13 — Sairosse, T. Use of cybercafe: study of Gaborone City, Botswana. Sperlich, R. Mediamorphosis of cultural creation and a study of the digital mediamorphosis in rock and electronic music in Austria. Stollak, M. Getting Social: The impact of social networking usage on grades among college students. Vivar, J. F and Aguilar, C.
The social media in the configuration of the new informative model of the newspaper. International Journal of Arts and Sciences. Government subsidization of insurance against risks related with contrary climatic situations and weather events, such as flood impairment and crop loss, may lead to discrete decisions that really raise the exposure of people, property and economic events to those risks.
The methods that give rise to this phenomenon are important in accepting the exposure of social populations to climate change. In many areas, existing conditions that give rise to flooding or crop failure are likely to be intensified by climate change over coming eras.
In the climate change field, susceptibility has been abstracted as a function of disclosure to risk and as a skill to adapt to the effects. In this context, crop insurance is possible adaptive measures. This treatment of exposure compares with similar ideas in insurance and risk management whereby actions that cause damage are known as threats, and physical conditions, such as climate change, that increase the outlook of a threat occurring, are known as physical threats.
However, the most recent report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change IPCC also summaries changes in the occurrence, spatial dissemination and degree of a number of climatic conditions, extremes and weather events possible to occur in coming decades. Many of these variations, if revealed, pose significant risks to social well-being. The panel notes that much social disbursement can be expected to face an amplified potential of flooding because of heavy rain events and sea-level rise.
Higher temperatures and more hot days are expected to occur over closely all land areas, and increased summer continental drying and allied risk of summer drought is likely to occur over mid-latitude interior areas.
Such variations in climatic conditions may be expected to pose distresses for areas of agricultural production. Many social settlements in such environments have long been open to the risks of flooding or drought. Such indexes of climate change can therefore be defined as existing risks to which such societies are already unprotected. In other words, the climatic conditions recorded above represent impending increases in frequency, degree or magnitude of existing climatic or weather correlated risks.
Because the likely signs of climate change comprise of hazards for which insurance may be available, use of insurance can be considered as one the many promising options for climate change.
The objectives of this paper are; first, we set forth the ideas of risk and susceptibility from the research literature, which have become central to evaluating the potential effects of climate change on social populations. Second, we expose that though coverage and adaptive capability are often treated separately, in climate change works, they are not equally independent variables and that they are consistently unified, and we thus propose a re-conceptualized model of climate-related risk to exemplify more closely these connections.
This model is relevant to those seeking to reduce social exposure to climate change risks, because actions taken to reduce disclosure may cause changes in adaptive capacity- or vice versa.
Third, we demonstrate these ideas with examples of insurance for crop- and flood-related risks. In many western countries, governments aids such insurance, which serves to make the assurance more widely available; thus, more people who experience these types of victims are compensated. Most describe susceptibility as the potential to experience harm or loss from some event or condition, and this prospective is related to factors that distress the prospect of the incident or situation occurring and the capacity to cope with or adjust to the effects of the event, and when it occurs.
There are two major elements of liability notable in the model. E refers to the possibility or occurrence of hazardous conditions relative to the presence of socials at a particular location at a particular time. AC refers to the capability of those exposed to cope with the potential risky conditions to which it is exposed.
No particular scale is quantified in this model, allowing for vulnerability to be characterized at levels from individual families to communities, regions and beyond.
This model offers a very broad conceptualization of liability. It does not specify the particular interconnections. It is anticipated that these relationships are likely to be system-, place- and time-specific, and will vary with the explicit types of climate change-related hazards and potential ways of adjusting to such risks.
We next reformulate this general liability model to reveal how risk is assumed in the fields of insurance and risk management. Doing so will provide perceptions into how insurance may influence adaptive capacity and may inform strategy regarding promoted insurance in particular applications.
In the field of insurance, risk is identical with ambiguity about the existence of a given outcome, and an event that is the index of a given risk is known as a threat. Risk may be classified as follows: Pure risk vs.
Hypothetical Risk A pure risk is one where, if the threat arises, the only probable outcome is a loss to the person facing it. For example, a house fire is suspect to result in any benefit to the owner of the house.
A hypothetical risk is one where, if the threat occurs, the chance of experiencing either a loss or a benefit exists. Note that the risk itself is not the source of speculation, but the nature of the impact of its occurrence is. A gamble placed on a racehorse is an example of a hypothetical risk. Static risk vs. Dynamic Risk A static risk occurs in an atmosphere that is in a steady state. For example, the probability of death is percent and unlikely to change. A dynamic risk is one where the environment may be substance to change.
Starting a new business in a unpredictable economic environment is an example of dynamic risk. Subjective risk vs. Objective Risk A subjective risk is one where an individual forms a view regarding the possibility of a threat occurring. An objective risk is one where the probabilities of a threat occurring can be enumerated. For example, distress of flying is a subjective risk; the frequency of airplane crashes as restrained per number of airplane flights is an objective risk.
Using these accounts of risk, liability as it is generally labeled in climate change literature becomes pure, dynamic risk using the language of the insurance industry. The climatic provocations that give rise to such risk become climatic threats. Whether the dangers are objective or subjective in the context of climate change is in large part associated to the view of the observer; Slovic et al. For the purposes of this paper, it is adequate to identify the prominence of perception in the formation of risk.
The reality of crop and flood insurance implies that such risks are generally observed to exist in the controls where insurance is made accessible; whether an individual chooses to contribute in such insurance plans may certainly be subjective by the awareness of those conditions that increase the possibility of a given threat occurring or that increase the severity of the loss when a threat occurs are known in the insurance industry as hazards.
Hazards can be categorized as follows: Physical Hazards A physical hazard is a substantial condition that increases the chances of a threat occurring, or, in our case, a geophysical, biophysical, atmospheric or hydrological condition. For example, a sudden and passionate burst of rain is a physical hazard in a floodplain, because it raises the possibility that a channel may runoff its banks, thereby increasing the likelihood of property damage occurring.
Morale Hazards The action of a discrete disregards or is careless of a given threat is a morale hazard. An example of this is a specific who builds a house in an area that is normally flooded and does so with the hypothesis that a third party will reimburse him or her for any losses he or she might experience.
It will be shown that sustained insurance can cause this form of hazard to occur. In doing so, we move from a general conceptualization of the potential for loss or harm due to climate change to a conceptualization that, although still generic in nature, describes the outcomes of particular adaptive measures taken in the context of specific climate- or weather-related events or conditions.
A, in this model, defines the influence of a particular response or set of actions, such as insurance, against a particular threat p and is therefore more measure-specific than adaptive capacity. The term threat p , which defines the physical display of the risk R in question, is significantly narrower than the term climatic stimulus i that it has swapped.
In other words, the re-conceptualized model seeks to relate specific types or forms of adaptation to specific types of climate- or weather-related risks. The term hazard includes physical, morale and moral hazards as described above, and its use in this reformulation makes clear what is implied in the term exposure used in the more general susceptibility model: that both environmental and social progressions influence the level of risk.
For instance, different types of threat might increase the prospect of flood-related threats in a given location. Climate change, should it lead to more common extreme precipitation events, would present a physical hazard.
Where the resident of a building situated in a floodplain uses the basement to store valuable items, not recognizing that the building has been flooded in the past, this presents a morale hazard. A builder, who intentionally constructs for re-sale, to an unsuspecting buyer, a non-flood-proof building on a piece of land known to be drowned regularly, creates a moral hazard.
For example, Bryant et al. This depiction is similar to that of adaptive responses A in the conceptualization of risk described above.
The authors go on to show that the capacity of agricultural systems to adjust to climatic risks is subjective by a range of social procedures, such as government policies, economic situations and consumer preferences operating at larger scales, and farm size, crop varieties and family financial well-being at the specific farm level. A task in estimating the size to adapt to future climatic conditions is thus in the analysis of how such processes limit or enhance the adoption of adaptive responses.
An empirical study of the relationship between opinions and actions might seek to interpret these in the framework of physical, morale and moral hazards using the abstract model introduced here. This conceptualization of risk has helped guide the progress of an empirical study of social migration performance in rural areas in the period of repetitive crop failures in the mids caused by irregular years of scarcities and floods.
The model was useful in distinguishing that migration could be abstracted as one of a range of potential adaptive responses to hostile climate conditions or weather events and not simply as a threats faced by farmers and the social practices that placed them in differential positions of disclosure, leading to particular groups of farmers using migration as an adaptive response.
They are not independent variables. Both reflect the fundamental social, political, economic, cultural and institutional situations that guide the nature of social tenure and resource use. Exposure to climate change is not simply a measure of the possibility of changes in biophysical conditions of a given location over time.
Rather, both biophysical and social procedures regulate exposure. This paper has abstracted how social behavior, with respect to procedures that might be taken to condense climate change-related risks, may worsen both exposure and adaptive capacity, using example of existing adaptive measures, such as crop insurance, developed in response to existing exposures to climatic conditions.
Understanding these relationships as they presently reveal with respect to climate conditions and weather-related events may progress our capability to develop alternative measures that more properly support adaptive capacity in coping with future indexes of climate change.
Care must be taken when evolving adaptation policies to prevent unplanned significances increasing exposure to the very risks they are planned to avoid. MOSER, s. Kasperson and R. Slovic London: Earthscan The research finds its interest on identifying the organizations which are already implemented ERP and its future course of plan. In this paper, we have been drawn the companies for the sample, which are located the major parts of Tamil nadu.
This paper emphasis that ERP implementation in Indian SMEs should extend its scope beyond the configuration to the process, enterprise, technology, vendor, end-user, performance, and quality. From this study, we found that the trend in ERP is attractive among SMEs; as the economy emerges from the recession and the organizations expect customized ERP applications in the affordability cost.
Affordability is the first and foremost concern when it comes to ERP implementation in small and mid-size companies. Indian IT industry has built up valuable brand equity for itself in the I global markets. ERP systems automate this activity with an integrated software application. In any country, SMEs are the largest contributors to the economy. The study focuses on the application of ERP in the corporate organizations, particularly Small and Medium Enterprises. On contrast, it also observes the reasons for not implementing the software.
Hence, the utilization of ERP in organizations can be found out. From the information gathered from the C-level executives, the major issues organizations face in ERP are highlighted below, Security issues being the prime concern, while organizations switching ERP applications because of the security factor Poor support from the vendors SMEs due to their specific characteristic and functioning, as suggested by some scholars, cannot be considered scaled-down larger ones, and theories applied and proved in large enterprises.
Van Hillegersberg et al has analyzed ERP systems as configurable information system packages that integrate information and information based process within and across functional areas in organizations, however, ERP implementation is an broad, precise and a costly process.
Organizations of any magnitude select a package that is user friendly having adequate scope for scalability and covering wide array of business processes. The selections of ERP package always need to have proper and careful attention Kraemmergaard and Rose, ; Yusuf et al. Jafari et al. These issues are commitment and support from higher management, proper and clearly defined goals and objectives, effective communication, proper project management, business process reengineering, data accuracy, suitability of hardware and software, vendor support, user education and training and involvement of user in the process.
Upadhyay and Dan , carried out research study for Indian SME organizations where the researchers empirically assessed and, on the basis of responses received from the respondents, identified certain issues that actually would lead to the success of ERP implementation. The issues include properly defined goals and objectives, adequate user training and education, competency in project implementation team, acceptance of change brought about by implementation, proper assistance from vendor and role of external consultant.
Noudoostbeni et al. From the research, the critical issues identified for successful implementation are proper team composition and effective training of users. In addition, two issues identified responsible for the failure of the implementation are poor project planning and inappropriate training method.
Poonam Garg has detailed the discuss about the critical success factors empirically for ensuring successful implementation of ERP packages in the context of retail industry in India. The identified top management commitment, product selection, project management, team composition and training and education as the most important issues.
As such, the parameters for the analysis are clearly defined and the study focuses on deriving the factors and considerations associated to those parameters.
Types of data collection: Primary data were used for this study. The respondents are surveyed in both Phone and Email based on the convenience of their availability. About responses are gathered, of which the majority 99 out of of responses are from phone survey.
Population: The research has been focused on southern part of Tamil Nadu, and the significance is given to cities like Coimbatore and Chennai. Hence the small and medium size organizations situated in these places will come under the sampling population for the study. As such, organizations are covered in the areas of Chennai, Coimbatore, Tirupur, Hosur and Trichy, for the research study within the stipulated time period. Companies in the annual turnover below Rs.
Also 41 companies are surveyed from the annual turnover range of Rs. Hence there is motley of responses from wide range of organizations. In the category of annual sales turnover lies below Rs.
This shows the significance of enterprise applications in the pump manufacturing organizations. Focusing the organizations with turnover Rs. In which, 29 are using ERP applications which is a sound figure. Hence there is greater scope for customized applications.
Security, cost and vendor support are the primary reasons, the most of SMEs is not coming forward to implement the ERP system in their organisation. The default Windows configuration Automatic memory dump will result in the best possible memory dump file using the smallest amount of disk space possible. The main factors preventing successful collection of a memory dump file are paging file size, and disk output space for the resulting memory dump file after the reboot.
These drives may be presented to the VM as a local disk, that can be configured as the destination for a paging file or crashdump file.
The problem occurs in case a Windows virtual machine calls KeBugCheckEx , and the location for the Crashdump file is configured to write to a virtual disk hosted on a file share. Depending on the exact method of disk presentation, the virtual disk may not be available when needed to write to either the paging file, or the location configured to save a crashdump file.
It may be necessary to change the crashdump file type to kernel to limit the size of the crashdump file. Either that, or temporarily add a local virtual disk to the VM and then configure that drive to be the dedicated crashdump location. How to use the DedicatedDumpFile registry value to overcome space limitations on the system drive when capturing a system memory dump.
The important point is to ensure that a disk used for paging file, or for a crashdump destination drive, are available at the beginning of the operating system startup process. Virtual Desktop Infrastructure is a technology that presents a desktop to a computer user, with most of the compute requirements residing in the back-end infrastructure, as opposed to the user requiring a full-featured physical computer. Usually the VDI desktop is accessed via a kiosk device, a web browser, or an older physical computer that may otherwise be unsuitable for day-to-day computing needs.
Non-persistent VDI means that any changes to the desktop presented to the user are discarded when the user logs off. Even writes to the paging file are redirected to the write cache disk. Typically the write cache disk is sized for normal day-to-day computer use. The problem occurs that, in the event of a bugcheck, the paging file may no longer be accessible.
Even if the pagefile is accessible, the location for the memory dump would ultimately be the write cache disk. Even if the pagefile on the write cache disk could save the output of the bugcheck data from memory, that data may be discarded on reboot.
Even if not, the write cache drive may not have sufficient free disk space to save the memory dump file. In the event a Windows operating system goes non-responsive, additional steps may need to be taken to capture a memory dump. Setting a registry value called CrashOnCtrlScroll provides a method to force a kernel bugcheck using a keyboard sequence.
This will trigger the bugcheck code, and should result in saving a memory dump file. A restart is required for the registry value to take effect. This situation may also help in the case of accessing a virtual computer and a right CTRL key is not available. For server-class, and possibly some high-end workstations, there is a method called Non-Maskable Interrupt NMI that can lead to a kernel bugcheck. The NMI method can often be triggered over the network using an interface card with a network connection that allows remote connection to the server over the network, even when the operating system is not running.
In the case of a virtual machine that is non-responsive, and cannot otherwise be restarted, there is a PowerShell method available. This command can be issued to the virtual machine from the Windows hypervisor that is currently running that VM. The big challenge in the cloud computing age is accessing a non-responsive computer that is in a datacenter somewhere, and your only access method is over the network. In the case of a physical server there may be an interface card that has a network connection, that can provide console access over the network.
Other methods such as virtual machines, it can be impossible to connect to a non-responsive virtual machine over the network only. The trick though is to be able to run NotMyFault. If you know that you are going to see a non-responsive state in some amount of reasonable time, an administrator can open an elevated.
Some other methods such as starting a scheduled task, or using PSEXEC to start a process remotely probably will not work, because if the system is non-responsive, this usually includes the networking stack. Hopefully this will help you with your crash dump configurations and collecting the data you need to resolve your issues. Hello Paul Bergson back again, and I wanted to bring up another security topic.
There has been a lot of work by enterprises to protect their infrastructure with patching and server hardening, but one area that is often overlooked when it comes to credential theft and that is legacy protocol retirement. To better understand my point, American football is very fast and violent. Professional teams spend a lot of money on their quarterbacks.
Quarterbacks are often the highest paid player on the team and the one who guides the offense. There are many legendary offensive linemen who have played the game and during their time of play they dominated the opposing defensive linemen.
Over time though, these legends begin to get injured and slow down do to natural aging. Unfortunately, I see all too often, enterprises running old protocols that have been compromised, with in the wild exploits defined, to attack these weak protocols. TLS 1. The WannaCrypt ransomware attack, worked to infect a first internal endpoint. The initial attack could have started from phishing, drive-by, etc… Once a device was compromised, it used an SMB v1 vulnerability in a worm-like attack to laterally spread internally.
A second round of attacks occurred about 1 month later named Petya, it also worked to infect an internal endpoint. Once it had a compromised device, it expanded its capabilities by not only laterally moving via the SMB vulnerability it had automated credential theft and impersonation to expand on the number devices it could compromise.
This is why it is becoming so important for enterprises to retire old outdated equipment, even if it still works! The above listed services should all be scheduled for retirement since they risk the security integrity of the enterprise. The cost to recover from a malware attack can easily exceed the costs of replacement of old equipment or services. Improvements in computer hardware and software algorithms have made this protocol vulnerable to published attacks for obtaining user credentials.
As with any changes to your environment, it is recommended to test this prior to pushing into production. If there are legacy protocols in use, an enterprise does run the risk of services becoming unavailable.
To disable the use of security protocols on a device, changes need to be made within the registry. Once the changes have been made a reboot is necessary for the changes to take effect. The registry settings below are ciphers that can be configured. Note: Disabling TLS 1. Microsoft highly recommends that this protocol be disabled. KB provides the ability to disable its use, but by itself does not prevent its use. For complete details see below. The PowerShell command above will provide details on whether or not the protocol has been installed on a device.
Ralph Kyttle has written a nice Blog on how to detect, in a large scale, devices that have SMBv1 enabled. Once you have found devices with the SMBv1 protocol installed, the device should be monitored to see if it is even being used. Open up Event Viewer and review any events that might be listed. The tool provides client and web server testing. From an enterprise perspective you will have to look at the enabled ciphers on the device via the Registry as shown above.
If it is found that it is enabled, prior to disabling, Event Logs should be inspected so as to possibly not impact current applications. Hello all! Nathan Penn back again with a follow-up to Demystifying Schannel. While finishing up the original post, I realized that having a simpler method to disable the various components of Schannel might be warranted.
If you remember that article, I detailed that defining a custom cipher suite list that the system can use can be accomplished and centrally managed easily enough through a group policy administrative template. However, there is no such administrative template for you to use to disable specific Schannel components in a similar manner. The result being, if you wanted to disable RC4 on multiple systems in an enterprise you needed to manually configure the registry key on each system, push a registry key update via some mechanism, or run a third party application and manage it.
Well, to that end, I felt a solution that would allow for centralized management was a necessity, and since none existed, I created a custom group policy administrative template. The administrative template leverages the same registry components we brought up in the original post, now just providing an intuitive GUI.
For starters, the ever-important logging capability that I showcased previously, has been built-in. So, before anything gets disabled, we can enable the diagnostic logging to review and verify that we are not disabling something that is in use. While many may be eager to start disabling components, I cannot stress the importance of reviewing the diagnostic logging to confirm what workstations, application servers, and domain controllers are using as a first step.
Once we have completed that ever important review of our logs and confirmed that components are no longer in use, or required, we can start disabling. Within each setting is the ability to Enable the policy and then selectively disable any, or all, of the underlying Schannel components.
Remember, Schannel protocols, ciphers, hashing algorithms, or key exchanges are enabled and controlled solely through the configured cipher suites by default, so everything is on.
To disable a component, enable the policy and then checkbox the desired component that is to be disabled. Note, that to ensure that there is always an Schannel protocol, cipher, hashing algorithm, and key exchange available to build the full cipher suite, the strongest and most current components of each category was intentionally not added. Finally, when it comes to practical application and moving forward with these initiatives, start small.
I find that workstations is the easiest place to start. Create a new group policy that you can security target to just a few workstations.
Enable the logging and then review. Then re-verify that the logs show they are only using TLS. At this point, you are ready to test disabling the other Schannel protocols. Once disabled, test to ensure the client can communicate out as before, and any client management capability that you have is still operational. If that is the case, then you may want to add a few more workstations to the group policy security target. And only once I am satisfied that everything is working would I schedule to roll out to systems in mass.
After workstations, I find that Domain Controllers are the next easy stop. With Domain Controllers, I always want them configured the identically, so feel free to leverage a pre-existing policy that is linked to the Domain Controllers OU and affects them all or create a new one. The important part here is that I review the diagnostic logging on all the Domain Controllers before proceeding.
Lastly, I target application servers grouped by the application, or service they provide. Working through each grouping just as I did with the workstations.
Creating a new group policy, targeting a few systems, reviewing those systems, re-configuring applications as necessary, re-verifying, and then making changes. Both of these options will re-enable the components the next time group policy processes on the system. To leverage the custom administrative template we need to add them to our Policy Definition store. Once added, the configuration options become available under:.
Each option includes a detailed description of what can be controlled as well as URLs to additional information. You can download the custom Schannel ADM files by clicking here!
I could try to explain what the krbtgt account is, but here is a short article on the KDC and the krbtgt to take a look at:. Both items of information are also used in tickets to identify the issuing authority.
For information about name forms and addressing conventions, see RFC This provides cryptographic isolation between KDCs in different branches, which prevents a compromised RODC from issuing service tickets to resources in other branches or a hub site.
The RODC does not have the krbtgt secret. Thus, when removing a compromised RODC, the domain krbtgt account is not lost. So we asked, what changes have been made recently? In this case, the customer was unsure about what exactly happened, and these events seem to have started out of nowhere. They reported no major changes done for AD in the past 2 months and suspected that this might be an underlying problem for a long time. So, we investigated the events and when we looked at it granularly we found that the event was coming from a RODC:.
Computer: ContosoDC. Internal event: Active Directory Domain Services could not update the following object with changes received from the following source directory service.
This is because an error occurred during the application of the changes to Active Directory Domain Services on the directory service. To reproduce this error in lab we followed the below steps: —. If you have a RODC in your environment, do keep this in mind. Thanks for reading, and hope this helps!
Hi there! Windows Defender Antivirus is a built-in antimalware solution that provides security and antimalware management for desktops, portable computers, and servers. This library of documentation is aimed for enterprise security administrators who are either considering deployment, or have already deployed and are wanting to manage and configure Windows Defender AV on PC endpoints in their network.
Nathan Penn and Jason McClure here to cover some PKI basics, techniques to effectively manage certificate stores, and also provide a script we developed to deal with common certificate store issue we have encountered in several enterprise environments certificate truncation due to too many installed certificate authorities. To get started we need to review some core concepts of how PKI works.
Some of these certificates are local and installed on your computer, while some are installed on the remote site.
The lock lets us know that the communication between our computer and the remote site is encrypted. But why, and how do we establish that trust? Regardless of the process used by the site to get the certificate, the Certificate Chain, also called the Certification Path, is what establishes the trust relationship between the computer and the remote site and is shown below.
As you can see, the certificate chain is a hierarchal collection of certificates that leads from the certificate the site is using support. To establish the trust relationship between a computer and the remote site, the computer must have the entirety of the certificate chain installed within what is referred to as the local Certificate Store.
When this happens, a trust can be established and you get the lock icon shown above. But, if we are missing certs or they are in the incorrect location we start to see this error:.
The primary difference being that certificates loaded into the Computer store become global to all users on the computer, while certificates loaded into the User store are only accessible to the logged on user.
To keep things simple, we will focus solely on the Computer store in this post. Leveraging the Certificates MMC certmgr. This tool also provides us the capability to efficiently review what certificates have been loaded, and if the certificates have been loaded into the correct location. Trusted Root CAs are the certificate authority that establishes the top level of the hierarchy of trust.
By definition this means that any certificate that belongs to a Trusted Root CA is generated, or issued, by itself. Simple stuff, right? We know about remote site certificates, the certificate chain they rely on, the local certificate store, and the difference between Root CAs and Intermediate CAs now.
But what about managing it all? On individual systems that are not domain joined, managing certificates can be easily accomplished through the same local Certificates MMC shown previously. In addition to being able to view the certificates currently loaded, the console provides the capability to import new, and delete existing certificates that are located within.
Using this approach, we can ensure that all systems in the domain have the same certificates loaded and in the appropriate store. It also provides the ability to add new certificates and remove unnecessary certificates as needed. On several occasions both of us have gone into enterprise environments experiencing authentication oddities, and after a little analysis trace the issue to an Schannel event This list has thus been truncated.
On a small scale, customers that experience certificate bloat issues can leverage the Certificate MMC to deal with the issue on individual systems.
Unfortunately, the ability to clear the certificate store on clients and servers on a targeted and massive scale with minimal effort does not exist. This technique requires the scripter to identify and code in the thumbprint of every certificate that is to be purged on each system also very labor intensive.
Only certificates that are being deployed to the machine from Group Policy will remain. The ability to clear the certificate store on clients and servers on a targeted and massive scale with minimal effort.
This is needed to handle certificate bloat issues that can ultimately result in authentication issues. On a small scale, customers that experience certificate bloat issues can leverage the built-in certificate MMC to deal with the issue on a system by system basis as a manual process. CertPurge then leverages the array to delete every subkey. Prior to performing any operations i. In the event that required certificates are purged, an administrator can import the backup files and restore all purged certificates.
NOTE: This is a manual process, so testing prior to implementation on a mass scale is highly recommended. KB details the certificates that are required for the operating system to operate correctly. Removal of the certificates identified in the article may limit functionality of the operating system or may cause the computer to fail.
If a required certificate either one from the KB, or one specific to the customer environment is purged, that is not being deployed via GPO, the recommended approach is as follows. Restore certificates to an individual machine using the backup registry file,. Leveraging the Certificate MMC, export the required certificates to file,. Update the GPO that is deploying certificates by importing the required certificates,.
Rerun CertPurge on machine identified in step 1 to re-purge all certificates,. Did we mention Test? Also, we now have a method for cleaning things up things in bulk should things get out of control and you need to rebaseline systems in mass. Let us know what you all think, and if there is another area you want us to expand on next. The sample scripts are not supported under any Microsoft standard support program or service.
Download CertPurge. Greetings and salutations fellow Internet travelers! It continues to be a very exciting time in IT and I look forward to chatting with you once more. Azure AD — Identity for the cloud era. An Ambitious Plan. This is information based on my experiences; your mileage may vary. Save yourself some avoidable heartburn; go read them … ALL of them:. Service accounts. TIP — Make sure you secure, manage and audit this service account, as with any service account.
You can see it in the configuration pages of the Synchronization Service Manager tool — screen snip below. Planning on-prem sync filtering.
Also, for a pilot or PoC, you can filter only the members of a single AD group. In prod, do it once; do it right. UPNs and email addresses — should they be the same? In a word, yes.
This assumes there is an on-prem UPN suffix in AD that matches the publicly routable domain that your org owns i. AAD Connect — Install and configuration. I basically break this phase up into three sections:. TIP — Recapping:. TIP — Subsequent delta synchronizations occur approx. Switch Editions? Mark channel Not-Safe-For-Work? Are you the publisher? Claim or contact us about this channel. Viewing all articles. First Page Page 19 Page 20 Page 21 Page 22 Page Last Page.
Browse latest View live. Note: Device writeback should be enabled if using conditional access. A Windows 10 version , Android or iOS client. To check that all required ports are open, please try our port check tool. The connector must have access to all on premises applications that you intend to publish. Install the Application Proxy Connector on an on-premises server. Verify the Application Proxy Connector status.
Configure constrained delegation for the App Proxy Connector server. Optional: Enable Token Broker for Windows 10 version clients. Work Folder Native —native apps running on devices, with no credentials, no strong identity of their own.
Work Folder Proxy — Web Application that can have their own credentials, usually run on servers. This is what allows us to expose the internal Work Folders in a secure way. If the user is validated, Azure AD creates a token and sends it to the user. The user passes the token to Application Proxy. Application Proxy validates the token and retrieves the Username part of user principal name from it, and then sends the request, the Username from UPN, and the Service Principal Name SPN to the Connector through a dually authenticated secure channel.
Active Directory sends the Kerberos token for the application to the Connector. The Work Folders server sends the response to the Connector, which is then returned to the Application Proxy service and finally to the user.
Kerberos Survival Guide. I found this on the details page of the new test policy and it is marked as: I then open an administrative PowerShell to run my command in to see exactly what the settings look like in WMI. Topic 2: Purpose of the tool. Topic 3: Requirements of the tool. Topic 4: How to use the tool. Topic 5: Limitations of the tool. Topic 7: References and recommendations for additional reading.
The specific target gaps this tool is focused toward: A simple, easy to utilize tool which can be executed easily by junior staff up to principle staff. A means by which security staff can see and know the underlying code thereby establishing confidence in its intent. A lite weight utility which can be moved in the form of a text file.
An account with administrator rights on the target machine s. An established file share on the network which is accessible by both. Ok, now to the good stuff. If you have anything stored in that variable within the same run space as this script, buckle up. Just FYI. The tool is going to validate that the path you provided is available on the network. However, if the local machine is unable to validate the path, it will give you the option to force the use of the path.
Now, once we hit enter here, the tool is going to setup a PowerShell session with the target machine. In the background, there are a few functions its doing:. Next, we must specify a drive letter to use for mounting the network share from Step 4. The tool, at present, can only target a single computer at a time.
If you need to target multiple machines, you will need to run a separate instance for each. Multiple PowerShell Sessions. I would recommend getting each instance to the point of executing the trace, and then do them all at the same time if you are attempting to coordinate a trace amongst several machines. Again, the tool is not meant to replace any other well-established application. Instead, this tool is meant only to fill a niche. The purpose of this paper is to propose the method of establishing communication environment between a human and a listener robot.
Abstract In face-to-face communication, conversation is affected by what is existing and taking place within the environment. With the goal of improving communicative capability of humanoid systems, this paper proposes conversational agents that are aware of a perceived world, and use the perceptual information to enforce the involvement in conversation. First, we review previous studies on nonverbal engagement behaviors in face-to-face and human-artifact interaction.
Abstract We have developed a broadcasting agent system, POC caster, which generates understandable conversational representation from text-based documents. POC caster circulates the opinions of community members by using conversational representation in a broadcasting system on the Internet.
We evaluated its transformation rules in two experiments. In Experiment 1, we examined our transformation rules for conversational representation in relation to sentence length. Log in with Facebook Log in with Google.
Remember me on this computer. Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link. Therefore, the new features in Windows 10, version 22H2 are included in the latest monthly quality update for Windows 10, version , 20H2, 21H1, and 21H2, but are in an inactive and dormant state. If a device is updating from Windows 10, version , or an earlier version, this feature update enablement package cannot be installed.
This is called Hard Block. We have numerous resources on our site for advanced monitoring and we also have pages that cover the whole topic. This guide can be found in our shop. We developed a report to help you achieve that :. So to wrap up… before you were accessing the Microsoft Intune portal through Azure, now Microsoft wants you to use the new Endpoint Manager Portal.
If you already have a Microsoft work or school account, sign in with that account and add Intune to your subscription. If not, you can sign up for a new account to use Intune for your organization. For tenants using the service release and later , the MDM authority is automatically set to Intune. The MDM authority determines how you manage your devices. Before enrolling devices, we need to create users. Users will use these credentials to connect to Intune.
For our test, we will create users manually in our Azure Active Directory domain but you could use Azure AD Connect to sync your existing accounts. We now need to assign the user a license that includes Intune before enrollment.
You can assign a license by users or you can use groups to assign your license more effectively. Repeat the step for all your users or groups. The Intune company portal is for users to enroll devices and install apps.
The portal will be on your user devices. In our example, we will create a basic security setting that will allow monitoring iOS device compliance.
We will check Jailbroken devices, check for an OS version and require a password policy. We are now ready to enroll devices into Microsoft Intune. These certificates expire days after you create them and must be renewed manually in the Endpoint Manager portal.
The device will make its initial compliance check. We will now add the Microsoft Authenticator app to our Intune portal. We will begin with the iOS version. This can be used for any other application if needed. Both Applications have now been added to our Intune tenant and is ready to test on an iOS or Android device. Using Microsoft Intune, you can enable or disable different settings and features as you would do using Group Policy on your Windows computers.
You can create various types of configuration profiles. Some to configure devices, others to restrict features, and even some to configure your email or wifi settings. This is just an example, you can create a configuration profile for many other different settings. You can now check the available options and create different configurations for different OS. The Microsoft Intune Dashboard displays overall details about the devices and client apps in your Intune tenant.
Enroll on more devices, play with different options and most importantly test, test and test! Microsoft has released the third SCCM version for SCCM has been released on December 5th, Switch Editions? Channel: System Center Dudes. Mark channel Not-Safe-For-Work? Are you the publisher? Claim or contact us about this channel.
Viewing latest articles. Browse all Browse latest View live. Due to weaknesses in the SHA-1 algorithm and to align to industry standards, Microsoft now only signs Configuration Manager binaries using the more secure SHA-2 algorithm. Windows Release Name Build Number Revision Number Availability date First Rev End of servicing Windows 11 21H2 to Yes Windows 10 21H2 to Yes Windows 10 21H1 to Yes Windows 10 20H2 to Yes Windows 10 to No Windows 10 to No Windows 10 to No Windows 10 1 to Yes Windows 10 48 to No Windows 10 19 to No Windows 10 to No Windows 10 10 to Yes Windows 10 3 to No Windows 10 to Yes Windows 11 Version Naming and Revision Windows 10 version name is pretty simple: The first two 2 numbers are the release year.
Ex: 20 22 The last two 2 characters are : The first half of the year — H1 The second part of the year — H2 For example, Windows 11 22H1 would mean that it was released in 20 22 in the first half of the year. Manually On a device running Windows 11 or Windows 10, you can run winver in a command window. The Windows 11 version will be listed : You can also use this useful Powershell script from Trevor Jones. Microsoft added the following note to the start menu layout modification documentation after the release Note In Windows 10, version , Export-StartLayout will use DesktopApplicationLinkPath for the.
There are two main paths to reach to co-management: Windows 10 and later devices managed by Configuration Manager and hybrid Azure AD joined get enrolled into Intune Windows 10 devices that are enrolled in Intune and then install with the Configuration Manager client We will describe how to enable co-management and enroll an SCCM-managed Windows 10 device into Intune.
Do not follow instructions for Windows 10, those options have changed between and Since the introduction of SCCM , we now have a multitude of options, most notably: Direct membership Queries Include a collection Exclude a collection Chances are, if you are deploying new software to be part of a baseline for workstations for example , you will also add it to your task sequence. Caveat for your deployments Now, you can use this for all your deployments. Since we want to exclude these machines from the collection I simply negate the above query with a not statement.
So give me all IDs that are not part of that sub-selection. Pimp my package deployment Ok, now that we have that dynamic query up and running, why not try and improve on the overall deployment technique, shall we? Do you guys have any other methods to do this? If so, I would be curious to hear you guys out. Consult our fixed price consulting plans to see our rates or contact us for a custom quote. Here are the main support and deployment features : If you have devices running Windows 10, version or later, you can update them quickly to Windows 10, version 22H2 using an enablement package New Windows 10 release cadence that aligns with the cadence for Windows For brand-new computers with Windows 10 deployment, Task Sequences are the only option.
We will cover all the options in this post. The path must point to an extracted source of an ISO file. You need to point at the top folder where Setup. Also enter valid credentials to join the domain. In the Install Configuration Manager tab, select your Client Package On the State Migration tab, select if you want to capture user settings and files. This is the collection that will receive the Windows 10 upgrade.
For testing purposes, we recommend putting only 1 computer to start On the Deployment Settings tab, select the Purpose of the deployment Available will prompt the user to install at the desired time Required will force the deployment at the deadline see Scheduling You cannot change the Make available to the following drop-down since upgrade packages are available to clients only On the Scheduling tab, enter the desired available date and time.
We will leave the default options Review the selected options and complete the wizard Launch the Upgrade Process on a Windows 10 computer Everything is now ready to deploy to our Windows 10 computers. This step should take between minutes depending on the device hardware Windows 10 is getting ready, more minutes and the upgrade will be completed Once completed the SetupComplete.
This step is important to set the task sequence service to the correct state Windows is now ready, all software and settings are preserved.
Validate that you are running Windows 10 22H2 Build Launch the Process on a new Windows 10 computer To install the Windows 10 22H2 operating system, the process is fairly the same except to start the deployment. Make sure to run a full synchronization to make sure that the new Windows 10 21H1 is available. It will be available in the Updates section. Select the Windows 10 20H2 feature update and click Install. If you want an automated process, just make your deployment Required.
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You can now download Windows 10 Creators Update ISO files of RTM build after Microsoft today made the large-scale changes and improvements to Windows 10, available to PC and device owners around the world via a manual invocation a week earlier than the official April 11th release date. Those fortunate individuals who find themselves in the position of owning a Windows powered PC, or alternative device running the latest version of Windows, have long been looking forward to the release of the so-called Creators Update ever since it was officially announced by the software giant company late last year.
Much to the delight of users, Microsoft took the opportunity to announce that the Creators Update would be officially available as part of Patch Tuesday this coming April 11th, but that it would also be available as a manual download seven days early.
That manual installation is available now. From a features perspective, the Windows 10 Creators Update is an impressive one. That 3D experience is also accompanied by updates which instantly blurs the line between the physical and virtual worlds, with companies like Acer, ASUS, and Dell creating headset-enabled Mixed Reality experiences on the back of that Windows update.
Microsoft is also taking the opportunity to improve the Microsoft Edge experience with faster and safer browsing, making it the de-facto standard for Windows 10 Internet browsing. The Microsoft Windows 10 Creators Update is also going to appeal on a greater level to Enterprise customers, hopefully making it the most secure platform for those user types in that situation. This new update will also introduce the Windows Defender Security Center as a single dashboard to control all security options from one single glance.
That includes accessing everything like anti-virus options, firewall protection and network settings without having to dart in and out of different areas of Windows Alternatively, if you wish to perform a clean fresh install of Windows 10 with the Creators Update included you can download the ISO file directly from Microsoft.
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